This paper explores the complex nexus between youth unemployment and violent extremism in West Africa with specific reference to Northern Nigeria, drawing on the Relative Deprivation and Frustration–Aggression theories to provide a conceptual lens. It argues that socio-economic exclusion (manifested in poverty, lack of education, and unemployment) has created fertile ground for radicalization among youth in the region. The study assesses the historical evolution and dynamics of violent extremism, including ideological insurgency and politically driven religious violence. It also evaluates governmental and donor-led interventions aimed at youth empowerment and counter-radicalization. Despite the proliferation of programs such as N-Power, the Industrial Training Fund (ITF), and Mafita, their impacts have been constrained by fragmentation, inadequate funding, and poor coordination. The paper concludes that sustainable solutions require a shift from reactive, security-heavy strategies to inclusive, development-oriented policies. It proposes a coordinated national framework for youth employment, strengthened education systems, enhanced civic engagement, and locally embedded peacebuilding mechanisms as pathways toward addressing both unemployment and violent extremism in Northern Nigeria.

Index Terms: Northern Nigeria, Radicalization, Violent Extremism, Youth Unemployment