The aviation industry is responsible for approximately 2–3% of global carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions because of its heavy reliance on fossil-based jet fuel. Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) has emerged as the most practical near-term solution because it offers substantial lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions. Despite growing global investment in SAF technologies, production pathways, and commercialization, adoption remains limited. This study reviewed the economic, technical, and environmental feasibility of Sustainable Aviation Fuel, while examining Nigeria's potential for SAF development and the challenges hindering its adoption. A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA 2020) guidelines. Peer-reviewed articles and grey literature were retrieved from Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science using predefined Boolean search strategies, and the extracted data were synthesized through qualitative thematic analysis. The review revealed that SAF can reduce lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions by approximately 50 80%, with waste-derived feedstocks such as used cooking oil, agricultural residues, forestry biomass, and municipal solid waste demonstrating superior environmental performance. The findings further showed that although Nigeria possesses abundant biomass resources, an expanding aviation industry, and favourable renewable energy potential, SAF commercialization is constrained by weak policy frameworks, high production costs, limited technological capacity, inadequate infrastructure, fragmented feedstock supply chains, insufficient research and development, financing constraints, and weak institutional coordination. The study concludes that SAF represents the most viable pathway for aviation decarbonization and recommends the development of a comprehensive national SAF policy, increased investment in research and innovation, fiscal incentives, public-private partnerships, and strengthened institutional and certification frameworks to accelerate commercial deployment in Nigeria. Keywords: Sustainable Aviation Fuel, Aviation Decarbonization, Biomass, Renewable Energy, Nigeria, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Energy Transition.